“Nutrition Exam III
Study Guide for Pregnancy, Infancy, Children, Adolescents, and Adult
Years
By Ramesh
C.Reddy
Pittsburgh Standard
Tuesday,
October 24,
2006
Editors Note: After praying to the Lord Jesus to help me study and
see if I can help anyway other students to study I have prepared a more
comprehensive study guide for this exam compared to previous exams. This
serves as a sample exam and a study guide.
Look at the question without looking at the multiple choice questions.
If you do not know the answer study that entire section because it is
very possible you could get variations of the questions wrong pertaining
to that topic. If you do get the answer right, ask yourself what would
make the other answer correct. Most of the choices have correct answers
to them.
Last exam was way harder than the sample exam. I am hoping mine is
harder than the real exam and you all learn as much knowledge as
possible from these 3 chapters so it will help you on the real exam.
Take this sample exam in test conditions and see how well you will do
and where you need to brush up on!
My main reason to send these questions is also to present Scripture
to you all when you are studying. If you are offended by the Scripture
verses, feel free not to use the study guide.
Chapter 10, ENERGY NEEDS: p. 174
1) During pregnancy, the mother needs more energy
in the form of ________ to supply the increased fuel demanded by the
enlarged metabolic workload of both mother and fetus.
A. Proteins
B. Kilocalories
C. Minerals
D. Vitamins
E. None of the above
"O LORD, you have searched me and you know me. You know when
I sit and when I rise;you perceive my thoughts from afar."
(Psalm 139: 1-2, NIV)
Chapter 11,
NUTRITION FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, p. 193
2) Rapid growth occurs in this stage of the normal
human life cycle….
A. Adolescence
B. Childhood
C. Infancy
D. Both a & c
E. Both b & c
"You discern my going out and my lying down; you are familiar
with all my ways. Before a word is on my tongue you know
it completely, O LORD." (Proverbs 139:3-4, NIV)
Chapter 12, SHAPING
INFLUENCES ON ADULT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, p. 213 - 214
3) This process maintains vigor and wholeness of
body structure and function, increases learning, and strengthens mental
capacities.
A. Psychosocial Development
B. Physical Growth
C. Socioeconomic Status
D. Nutritional Needs
E. None of the above
"You hem me in—behind and before; you have laid your hand
upon me. Such knowledge is too wonderful for me, too lofty for
me to attain." (Psalm 139:5-6, NIV)
Chapter 10, PROTEIN
NEEDS, p. 174
4) Serves as the building block for the tremendous
growth of body tissues during pregnancy.
A. Fetus
B. Placenta
C. Maternal blood volume
D. Amniotic Fluid
E. Protein
"Where can I go from your Spirit? Where can I flee from your
presence? If I go up to the heavens, you are there; if I make my
bed in the depths, you are there." (Psalm 139:7-8, NIV)
Chapter 11,
Nutritional Requirements for Growth, p. 196
5)
During the first 3 years of life children need an average of
_______ kcal/kg body weight per day to support rapid growth.
- 30 to 40 kcal/kg per day
- 105 to 130 kcal/kg per day
- 90 to 110 kcal/kg per day
- None of the above
"If I rise on the wings of the dawn, if I settle on the far
side of the sea, even there your hand will guide me, your right
hand will hold me fast." (Psalm 139: 9-10, NIV)
Chapter 12, THE
AGING PROCESS AND NUTRITIONAL NEEDS
6) During these years, there is generally a gradual
loss of functioning cells with reduced cell metabolism.
- During young adulthood
- During older adulthood
- During middle adulthood
- Both a and b
- Both b and c
"If I say, "Surely the darkness will hide me and the light
become night around me," even the darkness will not be dark to
you; the night will shine like the day, for darkness is as light
to you." (Psalm 139:11-12, NIV)
Chapter 10, Key
Mineral and Vitamin Needs, pp. 175, 178
7) A good supply of this is needed along with
phosphorus, magnesium, and Vitamin D for fetal development of bones and
teeth, as well as the mother’s own body needs. Also aids in the clotting
of blood.
- Folate
- Iron
- Iodine
- Calcium
- None of the above
"For you created my inmost being; you knit me together in my
mother's womb. I praise you because I am fearfully and
wonderfully made; your works are wonderful, I know that full
well." (Psalm 139:13-14, NIV)
Chapter 11, AGE
GROUP NEEDS, p. 197
8) The doctor tells
Esther that her baby weighs less than 2500 g (5 lbs) and needs special
care. What do you think the doctor’s diagnosis on the baby’s weight
would be?
- Extremely Low Birth Weight
- Very Low Birth Weight
- Low Birth Weight
- Preterm
- Premature
"My frame was not hidden from you when I was made in the secret place.
When I was woven together in the depths of the earth, your eyes
saw my unformed body. All the days ordained for me were written
in your book before one of them came to be." (Psalm 139:15-16,
NIV)
Chapter 12 –
Nutritional Needs, p. 215
9). Because of gradual loss of functioning body
cells and reduced physical activity, adults generally require less of
this as they grow older.
A. Vitamins
B. Minerals
C. Energy
D. All of the Above
E. None of the above
"How precious to me are your thoughts, O God! How vast is the
sum of them! Were I to count them, they would outnumber the
grains of sand. When I awake, I am still with you." (Psalm
139:17-18, NIV)
Chapter 10, Weight
Gain During Pregnancy, p. 179
10)The mother’s optimal weight gain during
pregnancy, sufficient to support and nurture her and the fetus is
essential. Therefore a report of the National Academy of Sciences,
‘Nutrition During Pregnancy’ recommends setting weight gain goals
according to a woman’s pre-pregnancy nutritional status and body mass
index. Therefore if Annabella goes to the doctor and is recommended to
gain 25 to 35 lbs during pregnancy, it would be because she is
- Underweight
- Normal- weight
- Overweight
- Obese
- Teenage girl
Chapter 11, How
Infants Learn to Eat, p. 202
11) Add iron-fortified infant cereals, starting
with less allergenic rice and progressing to wheat and mixed grains at
this stage
A. 9 to 12 months
B. 6 to 8 months
C. 4 to 6 months
D. 48 months later
E. Both a & c
CHAPTER 12, AGING
PROCESS AND NUTRITIONAL NEEDS, p. 214
12) This is a biological change that affects the
aging process.
A. Gradual loss of functioning cells with reduced
cell metabolism
B. Common decline in insulin production results in
elevated blood glucose levels and diabetes.
C. Decreases in melatonin, the hormone responsible
for regulating body rhythms, may interfere with normal cycles of
wakefulness and sleep and change in body composition is attributed to
decreases in growth hormone, and the sex hormones estrogen and
testosterone.
D. Menopause, the end of a woman’s child bearing
years is marked by the cessation of estrogen and progesterone.
E. All of the above
Chapter 10:
FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL PROBLEMS, p. 180 - 181
13) Bianca is dealing with a problem during
pregnancy with these symptoms: It is usually mild only occurring briefly
during the first trimester and is caused by hormonal adaptations in the
first weeks and may be increased by stress or anxieties about the
pregnancy itself but if it becomes severe it is called hyper-emesis
gravidarum and medical treatment is required. What would you tell her as
her nutritionist?
A.
She is dealing with constipation.
B.
She is dealing with heartburn
C.
She is dealing with hemorrhoids
D.
She is dealing with “Morning Sickness”
E.
She is dealing with effects of iron supplements.
Chapter 11,
CHILDHOOD, p. 203
14) During this time of childhood, Camille’s
parents are concerned when they see Camille eating less food and at
times having little appetite, while being easily distracted from food to
another activity. They are told by their nutritionist to increase the
variety of foods available for Camille will help her develop good food
habits. They are also told that the food preferences grow directly from
frequency of food’s use in a pleasant surroundings and increased
opportunity to become familiar with a number of foods. Especially, they
are told not to bribe Camille with sweets which should be reserved for
special occasions. What stage of childhood would Camille be in?
A. School Age – Children (5 to 12 years)
B. Preschool Children (3 to 5 years)
C. Toddler ( 1 to 3 years)
D. None of the Above
Chapter 12,
Effect on Food Patterns, p. 214
14) Aging affects food patterns in this way:
A. Secretion of digestive juices and motility of
gastrointestinal muscles gradually diminish, causing decreased
absorption and use of nutrients.
B. Decreased taste, smell, and vision also affect
appetite and reduce food intake.
C. Decreased hand function can reduce one’s
hand-eye coordination and ability to cook and prepare food.
D. “Just aging” is really the result of poor
nutrition and lack of sufficient nourishment is the primary nutrition
problem of older adults.
E. All of the above
Chapter 10,
Nutritional Risk Factors in Pregnancy, p. 181
15) All of the following are risk factors at the
onset of pregnancy except
- Poverty
- Age: 18 yrs or younger, 35 yrs or older
- Bizarre or trendy food habits
- Low hemoglobin or hematocrit
- Abuse of nicotine, alcohol, or drugs
Chapter 11,
Adolescence (12 to 18 years), p.207
16) Danielle may have all of the following
characteristics as she grows as an adolescent except
- Develop an increasing amount of fat deposit,
especially in the abdominal area. Bony pelvis widens and
subcutaneous fat increases and the size of the hip increases causing
much anxiety.
- Will have a growth spurt that is faster but
eventually slows down in weight and height.
- There is increased muscle mass and long-bone
growth and early sexual maturation made them more likely to be
thinner.
- If sexual maturation is experienced early,
more likely to become overweight and obese than others who do not
mature until later.
- Non-Hispanic African American girls and boys
begin the process of sexual maturity Mexican-American or
non-Hispanic Caucasian children.
Chapter 12,
Individuality of the Aging Process, p. 215
17) Evangelica is in the process or condition of
growing old as individuals get old at different rates and in different
ways, depending on their genetic heritage and their health and nutrition
resources of past years. What would you say she is going through?
- Menopause
- Senescence
- Senility
- All of the above
- None of the above
Chapter 10,
Complications of Pregnancy, p. 184
18) Felicia, is part of the 10% of the women in
large U.S. prenatal clinics having low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels,
she is also poor living on marginal diets barely adequate for
subsistence. During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, a
low-dose- supplement of 30 mg of ferrous iron daily can provide the
amount of extra iron needed. As her nutritionist, what would your
diagnosis for Felicia’s pregnancy complication be?
A. She is suffering from Intrauterine Growth
Failure
B. She is suffering from Pregnancy-Induced
Hypertension
C. She is suffering from Gestational Diabetes
D. She is suffering from Anemia
E. She is suffering from a Pre-existing Disease
Chapter 11,
Protein Needs, p. 196
19) Protein is the fundamental tissue-building
substance of the body and for the first 6 months of life, the protein
requirements of an infant are
- 0.8 g/kg
- 0.9 g/kg
- 1.2 g/kg
- 2.2 g/kg
- 1.5 g/kg
Chapter 12 –
Vitamins and Minerals, p. 215
20) The poor diet of
many older adults lacks sufficient iron to prevent this iron-deficiency
therefore they need attention and encouragement to help them eat more
iron-rich foods, along with Vitamin C-rich foods for added absorption.
This is to prevent
- Neural Tube Defect
- Osteoporosis
- Anemia
- None of the above
Chapter 10,
Physiological Process of Lactation, p. 187
21) The hormone responsible for the let-down reflex
which is the process of the milk moving from the upper milk-producing
cells down to the nipple for infant suckling.
A. Prolactin
B. Oxytocin
C. Both a & b
D. None of the above
Chapter 11,
Requirements, p. 196
22) An essential nutrient second only to oxygen for
life and the metabolic needs especially during periods of rapid growth
demand adequate fluid intake of this. Infants require more of this per
body weight than adults because greater percentage of their body weight
is made up of this and a larger proportion of the infant’s total of this
is outside the cells and available for loss. In one day an infant takes
this which is equivalent to 10% to 15% of body weight where an adult’s
would be 2% to 4% of body weight.
A. Carbohydrates
B. Fat
C. Water
D. Protein
E. Calcium
Chapter 12,
Nutrient Supplementation, p. 216
23) The DRI’s specify that individuals over the age
of 50 should consume this in supplemental form or through fortified
foods because of the high risk of deficiency resulting from decreased
gastric acidity. Hydrochloric acid is secreted from the gastric mucosal
cells and is necessary for this digestion along with intrinsic factors.
As people age, production and secretion of this acid often decreases and
results in inadequate status of this therefore such persons need a
nourishing diet to help restore tissue strength and health.
A. Anemia
B. Calcium
C. Vitamin B12
D. None of the above
Chapter 10,
Nutritional Needs, p. 187
24) Milk production requires energy about
800kcal/day for both the process and the product. Thus more food is
needed to meet energy demands. Because some of this energy need may be
met by extra fat stored during pregnancy, the national standard is
______ throughout lactation more than a woman’s normal need of about
2200.
A. 71 g/day
B. 5 ug/day
C. 500 ug/day
D. 1000 to 1300 mg/day
E. 500 kcal
Chapter 11,
Mineral and Vitamin Needs, p. 196 - 197
25) This is critical during the most rapid growth
periods of infancy and adolescence. In infancy, mineralization of the
skeleton is taking place, while bones are growing larger and teeth are
forming from initial buds. Intake during rapid adolescent bone growth is
more effective than the use of supplements in older years. Those taking
prednisone are more in need of this.
A. Iron
B. Vitamin K
C. Calcium
D. Vitamin D
E. None of the above
Chapter 10,
Advantages of Breastfeeding, p. 188
26) This is an advantage of breastfeeding
A. Improved cognitive development in childhood,
with a positive relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and
IQ in the child.
B. Convenience and economy because the mother is
freed from the time and expense involved in buying and preparing
formula, and her breast milk is always ready, sterile, and provides a
cost-effective method of feeding.
C. Ease of digestion because human milk forms a
softer curd in the gastrointestinal tract that is easier for the infant
to digest.
D. Fewer allergies and intolerance especially in
allergy prone-infants (cow’s milk contains a number of potentially
allergy-causing proteins that human milk does not have) and fewer
infections because the mother transfers certain antibodies or immune
properties in human milk to her nursing infant.
E. All of the above
Chapter 11,
Methods of Feeding, p. 197
27) Feeding an immature infant this way carry
hazards and are avoided if possible.
A. Tube Feeding
B. Peripheral Feeding
C. Bottle Feeding or Nursing
D. Breast feeding
E. Both a & b
Chapter 10, Rate
of Weight Gain, p. 179
28) Approximately 1 to 2 kg ( 2 to 4 lbs ) is the
average amount of weight gain during the ______ of pregnancy.
A. Third trimester
B. Second trimester
C. First trimester
D. All of the above
Chapter 11,
Feeding the formula, p. 200
29)
All of the following are dangers when formula feeding an infant
except
- Never the prop the bottle and leave the baby
alone to feed, especially as a pacifier during sleep time
- When the infant uses it as a pacifier, it
deprives the infant of the cuddling that is vital part of nurturing
and also allows milk to pool in the mouth, causing choking, earache,
or bottle mouth with early tooth decay.
- Tilt the bottle to keep the nipple full of
milk to prevent air swallowing and hold the baby’s head somewhat
elevated during feeding to facilitate the passage of milk into the
stomach.
- Never put a child to sleep with a bottle of
milk or fruit juice or other caloric liquid capable of pooling in
the mouth.
- When pooling in the mouth occurs, natural
bacteria found in the mouth feed on carbohydrates, producing
enamel-damaging acid.
Chapter 10, Amount
of Energy Increase, p. 174
30)
The national standard recommends an increase of about _______ per
day for a total of 2200 – 2500 starting with the second trimester of
pregnancy which is an increase of 15% to 20% increase over the energy
need of non-pregnant women.
- 500 kcal
- 300 kcal
- 600 micrograms
- 27 mg/day
- 1000 – 1300 mg/day
Chapter 11: How
Infants Learn to Eat, p. 202
31) Rooting, sucking, and swallowing reflexes are present at
birth, along with the tonic neck reflex. Therefore infants secure their
first food, milk, with a suckling pattern in which the tongue is
projected during a swallow. In the beginning, head control is poor but
develops by the third month of life.
- Age 10 to 12 months
- Age 7 to 9 months
- Age 4 to 6 months
- Age 1 to 3 months
- None the above
Chapter 10, Food
Sources, p. 175
32) All of the following are complete protein foods of high
biologic value except
- Milk & Cheese
- Egg
- Legumes and grains
- Soy Products
- Meat such as beef, poultry, fish and pork
Chapter 11,
IRREGULAR EATING HABITS IN KIDS
33)
This is an irregular eating habit in kids….
- Food Jags where there are brief sprees or
binges of eating one particular food.
- Skipped meals or lack of interest in foods
- Overeating high fat starched food.
- Physiological Anorexia
- All of the above
Chapter 10,
Minerals, p. 178
34)
Calcium is essential for fetal development of bones and teeth, as
well as the mother’s body needs. It is also necessary for the proper
clotting of blood. This usually supplies enough calcium:
A.
A diet that includes 3 to 4 cups of vitamin A and D-fortified
milk daily
B.
Plus dairy products (cheese, yogurt)
C.
Generous amounts of green vegetables
D.
Enriched/whole grains
E.
All of the above
Chapter 11, Water
Requirements, p. 196
35) Gina is an infant between 0 – 12 months who is not getting enough
fluids into her body, potentially resulting in dehydration because a
greater percentage of the infant’s today body weight is made up of water
and a larger proportion of the infant’s today body water is outside the
cells and hence more easily available for loss. What recommendation
would you give Gina’s parents?
A.
She needs to get between 30 - 50 ml/kg of fluids
B.
She needs to get between 95 – 100 ml/kg of fluids
C.
She needs to get between 110 – 120 ml/kg of fluids
D.
She needs to get between 115 – 120 ml/kg of fluids
E.
She needs to get between 90 – 95 ml/kg of fluids
Chapter 10,
Vitamins, p. 178
36) It is needed in increased amounts during pregnancy because it is an
important element in tissue growth.
A.
Vitamin A
B.
B Vitamins
C.
Vitamin C
D.
Both a & c
E.
None of the above
Chapter 11:
Immature Infants, p. 197
37)
An immature infant has this characteristic
A.
More body water, less protein, and fewer minerals.
B.
Little subcutaneous fat to maintain body temperature.
C.
Poorly calcified bones and incomplete nerve and muscle
development, making their sucking reflexes weak.
D.
Limited ability for digestion-absorption and renal function and
an immature liver, lacking developed metabolic enzyme systems or
adequate iron stores.
E.
All of the above
Chapter 10: Weight
Gain During Pregnancy, p. 179
38) Henrietta is carrying twins and is told by her
doctors to gain this much of weight during her pregnancy as a quantity,
but also to take into account the quality of the weight gain, and the
foods consumed to bring it about. How much would you say she should gain
if you are her doctor?
A. 28 to 40 lbs
B. 25 to 35 lbs
C. 15 to 25 lbs or ~ 15
D. 35 to 45 lbs
E. 35 to 40 lbs
Chapter 11:
Growth in Infants, p. 193
39) Rapid body growth and brain development occur during the
first year where weight increases by
A.
200 %
B.
55 %
C.
40 %
D.
Doubles
Chapter 10, Risks
to pregnancy, p. 182
39)
This can cause fetal damage and is contraindicated during
pregnancy.
A.
Alcohol
B.
Cigarettes
C.
Drugs
D.
Caffeine
E.
All of the above
Chapter 11, How
Infants Learn to Eat, p. 202
40) Isabella is an infant who is given whole cow’s milk, which is not a
good idea at certain months. However her mom found out from her doctor
that it was ok, what would you say the age of the infant to be.
A.
Isabella is between 4 to 6 months
B.
Isabella is between 6 to 8 months
C.
Isabella is between 9 to 12 months
D.
Isabella is over 12 months
E.
Isabella is over 24 months
Chapter 10, Breastfeeding, p. 188
41)
Because the production and let-down reflexes of breastfeeding are
hormonally controlled, some negative environmental factors can adversely
affect the amount of milk a mother can produce. Such factors are called
prolactin- inhibitors such as
A.
Stress
B.
Fatigue
C.
Prolonged bed rest
D.
Complications or irregular breast feeding
E.
All of the above
Chapter 11,
Protein Needs, p. 196
42) When it comes to infants, during the 6 -12 months of life, infants
need
A.
1.6 g/kg
B.
2.2 g/kg
C.
0.8 g/kg
D.
90 to 110 kcal/g
E.
105 to 130 kcal/g
Chapter 10,
Lactation Trends, p. 186
43) The number of mothers choosing to breastfeed
has been on the rise since the 1960’s with 83% of North American mothers
currently initiating breastfeeding. This is a factor contributing to
breastfeeding.
A. More mothers are informed about the benefits of
breastfeeding.
B. Practitioners recognize that human milk can meet
unique infant needs.
C. Maternal Wards and alternative birthcenters are
being modified to support successful lactation.
D. Community support is more available even in some
workplaces.
Chapter 11, Foods
for infants, p. 203
43) Jasmine is an infant who loves to eat finger foods such
as nuts, grapes, carrots, popcorn, and round candy. Her mom or dad
should
A.
Allow her to have those finger foods.
B.
Keep them away from her for careful use only with the older child
C.
Monitor her while she eats those foods.
D.
Mix them with liquids and have her enjoy the taste.
E.
None of the above
Chapter 10,
Nutritional Needs, p. 187
44) Milk production requires energy of this much
for both the process and product.
A. 500 kcal/day
B. 300 kcal/day
C. 800 kcal/day
D. None of the above
Chapter 11, How
Infants Learn to Eat, p. 202
45)
At
age 4 to 6 months,
A.
Infants are now able to grasp objects with a palmar grip,
bringing them to the mouth and biting them.
B.
Rooting, sucking, and swallowing reflexes are present with the
tonic neck reflex.
C.
The gag reflex weakens and they begin to develop a pincer grasp
to pick up very small items between the thumb and forefinger and put
them in the mouth.
D.
These infants have tongue control to lick food morsels off the
lower lip and can finger-feed themselves with a refined pincer grasp.
E.
None of the above occurs
Chapter 12,
Biological Changes, p. 214
45) The period of decline in estrogen and progesterone production is
accompanied by
A)
An increase in body fat
B)
A decrease in lean tissue
C)
An increase in the risk of chronic disease (heart disease and
osteoporosis)
D)
Menopause
E)
All of the above
Chapter 12,
Nutrients
46) 18 to 40 year olds are lacking mostly this nutrient
A.
Iron
B.
Phosphorus
C.
Magnesium
D.
Calcium
E.
None of the above
Chapter 12,
Body Fat
47) Body fat _______ as one ages!
A.
Decreases
B.
Stays the same
C.
Increases
D.
Stabilizes
E.
Both b & d
Chapter 10,
Breastfeeding
48)
Breastfeed minutes at each breast
A.
1 to 3 min
B.
3 to 5 min
C.
5 to 10 min
D.
3 to 7 min
E.
None of the above
Chapter 12: Life
Expectancy
49)
Women outlive men by an average of
A.
5 years
B.
6 years
C.
7 years
D.
8 years
E.
It is the same
Chapter 10,
Nutritional Requirement During Lactation
50)
Lactation is a/an
A.
Anabolic state resulting in an increased need for energy of 500
kcal/day more than the usual 2200 kcal/day
B.
State where Protein, Zinc, Niacin, Vitamins A, C, and E
requirements increase above those in pregnancy.
C.
State where chronically low maternal Vitamin intake leads to low
iron, Vitamin D, B6, thiamin, and folate in breast milk.
D.
State where the continuation of pre-natal vitamins is important
to ensure adequate nutrient intake.
E.
All of the above
Answer Key for Sample Exam III
(Oct
24, 06, 1:12 p.m)
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